ISO 3166-1

A map of Europe, with ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 codes in place of the names of countries and other territories.

ISO 3166-1 is part of the ISO 3166 standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), and defines codes for the names of countries, dependent territories, and special areas of geographical interest. The official name of the standard is Codes for the representation of names of countries and their subdivisions – Part 1: Country codes. It defines three sets of country codes:¹

• ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 – two-letter country codes which are the most widely used of the three, and used most prominently for the Internet's country code top-level domains (with a few exceptions).
• ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 – three-letter country codes which allow a better visual association between the codes and the country names than the alpha-2 codes.
• ISO 3166-1 numeric – three-digit country codes which are identical to those developed and maintained by the United Nations Statistics Division, with the advantage of script (writing system) independence, and hence useful for people or systems using non-Latin scripts.

The alphabetic country codes were first included in ISO 3166 in 1974, and the numeric country codes were first included in 1981. The country codes have been published as ISO 3166-1 since 1997, when ISO 3166 was expanded into three parts to include codes for subdivisions and former countries.²

As a widely used international standard, ISO 3166-1 is implemented in other standards and used by international organizations,³ to allow facilitation of the exchange of goods and information.⁴ However, it is not the only standard for country codes. Other country codes used by many international organizations are partly or totally incompatible with ISO 3166-1,⁵ although some of them closely correspond to ISO 3166-1 codes.

Criteria for inclusion

Currently 249 countries, territories, or areas of geographical interest are assigned official codes in ISO 3166-1. According to the ISO 3166 Maintenance Agency (ISO 3166/MA), the only way to enter a new country name into ISO 3166-1 is to have it registered in one of the following two sources:⁶

• United Nations Terminology Bulletin Country Names, or
• Country and Region Codes for Statistical Use of the UN Statistics Division.

To be listed in the bulletin Country Names, a country must be at least one of the following:

• A member state of the United Nations
• A member of one of its specialized agencies
• A party to the Statute of the International Court of Justice

The list of names in Country and Region Codes for Statistical Use of the UN Statistics Division is based on the bulletin Country Names and other UN sources.

Once a country name or territory name appears in either of these two sources, it will be added to ISO 3166-1 by default.

The ISO 3166/MA may reserve code elements for other entities that do not qualify for inclusion based on the above criteria. For example, because the European Union is not a country, it is not formally included in ISO 3166-1, but for practical reasons, the ISO 3166/MA has "reserved the two-letter combination EU for the purpose of identifying the European Union within the framework of ISO 3166-1".⁷

Naming and code construction

The country names used in ISO 3166-1 are taken from the two UN sources mentioned above. Some country names used by the UN, and accordingly by ISO, are subject to dispute:

• The Republic of Macedonia is listed as "Macedonia, the former Yugoslav Republic of" because of the Macedonia naming dispute, following the provisional reference used by the United Nations.

• The islands of Taiwan is listed as "Taiwan, Province of China" because of its political status within the United Nations: The UN does not recognize the Republic of China which governs Taiwan and considers the territory to be part of the People's Republic of China.⁷ In 2007, the Republic of China filed a lawsuit before a Swiss civil court against the ISO, arguing that the ISO's use of the UN name rather than "Republic of China (Taiwan)" violates Taiwan's name rights.⁸ On 9 September 2010, a panel of the Federal Supreme Court of Switzerland decided, by three votes to two, to dismiss the suit as presenting a political question not subject to Swiss civil jurisdiction.⁹¹⁰¹¹

The codes are chosen, according to the ISO 3166/MA, "to reflect the significant, unique component of the country name in order to allow a visual association between country name and country code".⁷ For this reason, common components of country names like "Republic", "Kingdom", "United", "Federal" or "Democratic" are normally not used for deriving the code elements. As a consequence, for example, the United Kingdom is officially assigned the alpha-2 code GB rather than UK, based on its official name "United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland" (although UK is reserved on the request of the United Kingdom). Some codes are chosen based on the native names of the countries. For example, Germany is assigned the alpha-2 code DE, based on its native name "Deutschland".

Information included

ISO 3166-1 is published officially in both English and French. Since the second edition of ISO 3166-1, the following columns are included for each entry:

1. COUNTRY NAME English (or French) short name
2. English (or French) short name lower case
3. English (or French) full name
4. Alpha-2 code
5. Alpha-3 code
6. Numeric code
7. Remarks
8. Independent (# denotes the country is considered a sovereign state)
9. Additional information: Administrative language(s) alpha-2 code element(s)
10. Additional information: Administrative language(s) alpha-3 code element(s)
11. Additional information: Local short name(s)

Current codes

Officially assigned code elements

The following is a complete ISO 3166-1 encoding list of the countries which are assigned official codes. It is listed in alphabetical order by the English short country name used by the ISO 3166/MA.¹²

Click on the button in the header to sort each column. For more information on each country and the assignment of its code elements, click on its alpha-2 code.

ISO English country names (short name and lower case)	Alpha-2 code	Alpha-3 code	Numeric code	ISO 3166-2 codes
Afghanistan	AF	AFG	004	ISO 3166-2:AF
Aland Islands ! Åland Islands	AX	ALA	248	ISO 3166-2:AX
Albania	AL	ALB	008	ISO 3166-2:AL
Algeria	DZ	DZA	012	ISO 3166-2:DZ
American Samoa	AS	ASM	016	ISO 3166-2:AS
Andorra	AD	AND	020	ISO 3166-2:AD
Angola	AO	AGO	024	ISO 3166-2:AO
Anguilla	AI	AIA	660	ISO 3166-2:AI
Antarctica	AQ	ATA	010	ISO 3166-2:AQ
Antigua and Barbuda	AG	ATG	028	ISO 3166-2:AG
Argentina	AR	ARG	032	ISO 3166-2:AR
Armenia	AM	ARM	051	ISO 3166-2:AM
Aruba	AW	ABW	533	ISO 3166-2:AW
Australia	AU	AUS	036	ISO 3166-2:AU
Austria	AT	AUT	040	ISO 3166-2:AT
Azerbaijan	AZ	AZE	031	ISO 3166-2:AZ
Bahamas	BS	BHS	044	ISO 3166-2:BS
Bahrain	BH	BHR	048	ISO 3166-2:BH
Bangladesh	BD	BGD	050	ISO 3166-2:BD
Barbados	BB	BRB	052	ISO 3166-2:BB
Belarus	BY	BLR	112	ISO 3166-2:BY
Belgium	BE	BEL	056	ISO 3166-2:BE
Belize	BZ	BLZ	084	ISO 3166-2:BZ
Benin	BJ	BEN	204	ISO 3166-2:BJ
Bermuda	BM	BMU	060	ISO 3166-2:BM
Bhutan	BT	BTN	064	ISO 3166-2:BT
Bolivia, Plurinational State of	BO	BOL	068	ISO 3166-2:BO
Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba	BQ	BES	535	ISO 3166-2:BQ
Bosnia and Herzegovina	BA	BIH	070	ISO 3166-2:BA
Botswana	BW	BWA	072	ISO 3166-2:BW
Bouvet Island	BV	BVT	074	ISO 3166-2:BV
Brazil	BR	BRA	076	ISO 3166-2:BR
British Indian Ocean Territory	IO	IOT	086	ISO 3166-2:IO
Brunei Darussalam	BN	BRN	096	ISO 3166-2:BN
Bulgaria	BG	BGR	100	ISO 3166-2:BG
Burkina Faso	BF	BFA	854	ISO 3166-2:BF
Burundi	BI	BDI	108	ISO 3166-2:BI
Cambodia	KH	KHM	116	ISO 3166-2:KH
Cameroon	CM	CMR	120	ISO 3166-2:CM
Canada	CA	CAN	124	ISO 3166-2:CA
Cape Verde	CV	CPV	132	ISO 3166-2:CV
Cayman Islands	KY	CYM	136	ISO 3166-2:KY
Central African Republic	CF	CAF	140	ISO 3166-2:CF
Chad	TD	TCD	148	ISO 3166-2:TD
Chile	CL	CHL	152	ISO 3166-2:CL
China	CN	CHN	156	ISO 3166-2:CN
Christmas Island	CX	CXR	162	ISO 3166-2:CX
Cocos (Keeling) Islands	CC	CCK	166	ISO 3166-2:CC
Colombia	CO	COL	170	ISO 3166-2:CO
Comoros	KM	COM	174	ISO 3166-2:KM
Congo	CG	COG	178	ISO 3166-2:CG
Congo, the Democratic Republic of the	CD	COD	180	ISO 3166-2:CD
Cook Islands	CK	COK	184	ISO 3166-2:CK
Costa Rica	CR	CRI	188	ISO 3166-2:CR
Cote d'Ivoire ! Côte d'Ivoire	CI	CIV	384	ISO 3166-2:CI
Croatia	HR	HRV	191	ISO 3166-2:HR
Cuba	CU	CUB	192	ISO 3166-2:CU
Curaçao	CW	CUW	531	ISO 3166-2:CW
Cyprus	CY	CYP	196	ISO 3166-2:CY
Czech Republic	CZ	CZE	203	ISO 3166-2:CZ
Denmark	DK	DNK	208	ISO 3166-2:DK
Djibouti	DJ	DJI	262	ISO 3166-2:DJ
Dominica	DM	DMA	212	ISO 3166-2:DM
Dominican Republic	DO	DOM	214	ISO 3166-2:DO
Ecuador	EC	ECU	218	ISO 3166-2:EC
Egypt	EG	EGY	818	ISO 3166-2:EG
El Salvador	SV	SLV	222	ISO 3166-2:SV
Equatorial Guinea	GQ	GNQ	226	ISO 3166-2:GQ
Eritrea	ER	ERI	232	ISO 3166-2:ER
Estonia	EE	EST	233	ISO 3166-2:EE
Ethiopia	ET	ETH	231	ISO 3166-2:ET
Falkland Islands (Malvinas)	FK	FLK	238	ISO 3166-2:FK
Faroe Islands	FO	FRO	234	ISO 3166-2:FO
Fiji	FJ	FJI	242	ISO 3166-2:FJ
Finland	FI	FIN	246	ISO 3166-2:FI
France	FR	FRA	250	ISO 3166-2:FR
French Guiana	GF	GUF	254	ISO 3166-2:GF
French Polynesia	PF	PYF	258	ISO 3166-2:PF
French Southern Territories	TF	ATF	260	ISO 3166-2:TF
Gabon	GA	GAB	266	ISO 3166-2:GA
Gambia	GM	GMB	270	ISO 3166-2:GM
Georgia	GE	GEO	268	ISO 3166-2:GE
Germany	DE	DEU	276	ISO 3166-2:DE
Ghana	GH	GHA	288	ISO 3166-2:GH
Gibraltar	GI	GIB	292	ISO 3166-2:GI
Greece	GR	GRC	300	ISO 3166-2:GR
Greenland	GL	GRL	304	ISO 3166-2:GL
Grenada	GD	GRD	308	ISO 3166-2:GD
Guadeloupe	GP	GLP	312	ISO 3166-2:GP
Guam	GU	GUM	316	ISO 3166-2:GU
Guatemala	GT	GTM	320	ISO 3166-2:GT
Guernsey	GG	GGY	831	ISO 3166-2:GG
Guinea	GN	GIN	324	ISO 3166-2:GN
Guinea-Bissau	GW	GNB	624	ISO 3166-2:GW
Guyana	GY	GUY	328	ISO 3166-2:GY
Haiti	HT	HTI	332	ISO 3166-2:HT
Heard Island and McDonald Islands	HM	HMD	334	ISO 3166-2:HM
Holy See (Vatican City State)	VA	VAT	336	ISO 3166-2:VA
Honduras	HN	HND	340	ISO 3166-2:HN
Hong Kong	HK	HKG	344	ISO 3166-2:HK
Hungary	HU	HUN	348	ISO 3166-2:HU
Iceland	IS	ISL	352	ISO 3166-2:IS
India	IN	IND	356	ISO 3166-2:IN
Indonesia	ID	IDN	360	ISO 3166-2:ID
Iran, Islamic Republic of	IR	IRN	364	ISO 3166-2:IR
Iraq	IQ	IRQ	368	ISO 3166-2:IQ
Ireland	IE	IRL	372	ISO 3166-2:IE
Isle of Man	IM	IMN	833	ISO 3166-2:IM
Israel	IL	ISR	376	ISO 3166-2:IL
Italy	IT	ITA	380	ISO 3166-2:IT
Jamaica	JM	JAM	388	ISO 3166-2:JM
Japan	JP	JPN	392	ISO 3166-2:JP
Jersey	JE	JEY	832	ISO 3166-2:JE
Jordan	JO	JOR	400	ISO 3166-2:JO
Kazakhstan	KZ	KAZ	398	ISO 3166-2:KZ
Kenya	KE	KEN	404	ISO 3166-2:KE
Kiribati	KI	KIR	296	ISO 3166-2:KI
Korea, Democratic People's Republic of	KP	PRK	408	ISO 3166-2:KP
Korea, Republic of	KR	KOR	410	ISO 3166-2:KR
Kuwait	KW	KWT	414	ISO 3166-2:KW
Kyrgyzstan	KG	KGZ	417	ISO 3166-2:KG
Lao People's Democratic Republic	LA	LAO	418	ISO 3166-2:LA
Latvia	LV	LVA	428	ISO 3166-2:LV
Lebanon	LB	LBN	422	ISO 3166-2:LB
Lesotho	LS	LSO	426	ISO 3166-2:LS
Liberia	LR	LBR	430	ISO 3166-2:LR
Libya	LY	LBY	434	ISO 3166-2:LY
Liechtenstein	LI	LIE	438	ISO 3166-2:LI
Lithuania	LT	LTU	440	ISO 3166-2:LT
Luxembourg	LU	LUX	442	ISO 3166-2:LU
Macao	MO	MAC	446	ISO 3166-2:MO
Macedonia, the former Yugoslav Republic of	MK	MKD	807	ISO 3166-2:MK
Madagascar	MG	MDG	450	ISO 3166-2:MG
Malawi	MW	MWI	454	ISO 3166-2:MW
Malaysia	MY	MYS	458	ISO 3166-2:MY
Maldives	MV	MDV	462	ISO 3166-2:MV
Mali	ML	MLI	466	ISO 3166-2:ML
Malta	MT	MLT	470	ISO 3166-2:MT
Marshall Islands	MH	MHL	584	ISO 3166-2:MH
Martinique	MQ	MTQ	474	ISO 3166-2:MQ
Mauritania	MR	MRT	478	ISO 3166-2:MR
Mauritius	MU	MUS	480	ISO 3166-2:MU
Mayotte	YT	MYT	175	ISO 3166-2:YT
Mexico	MX	MEX	484	ISO 3166-2:MX
Micronesia, Federated States of	FM	FSM	583	ISO 3166-2:FM
Moldova, Republic of	MD	MDA	498	ISO 3166-2:MD
Monaco	MC	MCO	492	ISO 3166-2:MC
Mongolia	MN	MNG	496	ISO 3166-2:MN
Montenegro	ME	MNE	499	ISO 3166-2:ME
Montserrat	MS	MSR	500	ISO 3166-2:MS
Morocco	MA	MAR	504	ISO 3166-2:MA
Mozambique	MZ	MOZ	508	ISO 3166-2:MZ
Myanmar	MM	MMR	104	ISO 3166-2:MM
Namibia	NA	NAM	516	ISO 3166-2:NA
Nauru	NR	NRU	520	ISO 3166-2:NR
Nepal	NP	NPL	524	ISO 3166-2:NP
Netherlands	NL	NLD	528	ISO 3166-2:NL
New Caledonia	NC	NCL	540	ISO 3166-2:NC
New Zealand	NZ	NZL	554	ISO 3166-2:NZ
Nicaragua	NI	NIC	558	ISO 3166-2:NI
Niger	NE	NER	562	ISO 3166-2:NE
Nigeria	NG	NGA	566	ISO 3166-2:NG
Niue	NU	NIU	570	ISO 3166-2:NU
Norfolk Island	NF	NFK	574	ISO 3166-2:NF
Northern Mariana Islands	MP	MNP	580	ISO 3166-2:MP
Norway	NO	NOR	578	ISO 3166-2:NO
Oman	OM	OMN	512	ISO 3166-2:OM
Pakistan	PK	PAK	586	ISO 3166-2:PK
Palau	PW	PLW	585	ISO 3166-2:PW
Palestinian Territory, Occupied	PS	PSE	275	ISO 3166-2:PS
Panama	PA	PAN	591	ISO 3166-2:PA
Papua New Guinea	PG	PNG	598	ISO 3166-2:PG
Paraguay	PY	PRY	600	ISO 3166-2:PY
Peru	PE	PER	604	ISO 3166-2:PE
Philippines	PH	PHL	608	ISO 3166-2:PH
Pitcairn	PN	PCN	612	ISO 3166-2:PN
Poland	PL	POL	616	ISO 3166-2:PL
Portugal	PT	PRT	620	ISO 3166-2:PT
Puerto Rico	PR	PRI	630	ISO 3166-2:PR
Qatar	QA	QAT	634	ISO 3166-2:QA
Reunion ! Réunion	RE	REU	638	ISO 3166-2:RE
Romania	RO	ROU	642	ISO 3166-2:RO
Russian Federation	RU	RUS	643	ISO 3166-2:RU
Rwanda	RW	RWA	646	ISO 3166-2:RW
Saint Barthélemy	BL	BLM	652	ISO 3166-2:BL
Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha	SH	SHN	654	ISO 3166-2:SH
Saint Kitts and Nevis	KN	KNA	659	ISO 3166-2:KN
Saint Lucia	LC	LCA	662	ISO 3166-2:LC
Saint Martin (French part)	MF	MAF	663	ISO 3166-2:MF
Saint Pierre and Miquelon	PM	SPM	666	ISO 3166-2:PM
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	VC	VCT	670	ISO 3166-2:VC
Samoa	WS	WSM	882	ISO 3166-2:WS
San Marino	SM	SMR	674	ISO 3166-2:SM
Sao Tome and Principe	ST	STP	678	ISO 3166-2:ST
Saudi Arabia	SA	SAU	682	ISO 3166-2:SA
Senegal	SN	SEN	686	ISO 3166-2:SN
Serbia	RS	SRB	688	ISO 3166-2:RS
Seychelles	SC	SYC	690	ISO 3166-2:SC
Sierra Leone	SL	SLE	694	ISO 3166-2:SL
Singapore	SG	SGP	702	ISO 3166-2:SG
Sint Maarten (Dutch part)	SX	SXM	534	ISO 3166-2:SX
Slovakia	SK	SVK	703	ISO 3166-2:SK
Slovenia	SI	SVN	705	ISO 3166-2:SI
Solomon Islands	SB	SLB	090	ISO 3166-2:SB
Somalia	SO	SOM	706	ISO 3166-2:SO
South Africa	ZA	ZAF	710	ISO 3166-2:ZA
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands	GS	SGS	239	ISO 3166-2:GS
South Sudan	SS	SSD	728	ISO 3166-2:SS
Spain	ES	ESP	724	ISO 3166-2:ES
Sri Lanka	LK	LKA	144	ISO 3166-2:LK
Sudan	SD	SDN	729	ISO 3166-2:SD
Suriname	SR	SUR	740	ISO 3166-2:SR
Svalbard and Jan Mayen	SJ	SJM	744	ISO 3166-2:SJ
Swaziland	SZ	SWZ	748	ISO 3166-2:SZ
Sweden	SE	SWE	752	ISO 3166-2:SE
Switzerland	CH	CHE	756	ISO 3166-2:CH
Syrian Arab Republic	SY	SYR	760	ISO 3166-2:SY
Taiwan, Province of China	TW	TWN	158	ISO 3166-2:TW
Tajikistan	TJ	TJK	762	ISO 3166-2:TJ
Tanzania, United Republic of	TZ	TZA	834	ISO 3166-2:TZ
Thailand	TH	THA	764	ISO 3166-2:TH
Timor-Leste	TL	TLS	626	ISO 3166-2:TL
Togo	TG	TGO	768	ISO 3166-2:TG
Tokelau	TK	TKL	772	ISO 3166-2:TK
Tonga	TO	TON	776	ISO 3166-2:TO
Trinidad and Tobago	TT	TTO	780	ISO 3166-2:TT
Tunisia	TN	TUN	788	ISO 3166-2:TN
Turkey	TR	TUR	792	ISO 3166-2:TR
Turkmenistan	TM	TKM	795	ISO 3166-2:TM
Turks and Caicos Islands	TC	TCA	796	ISO 3166-2:TC
Tuvalu	TV	TUV	798	ISO 3166-2:TV
Uganda	UG	UGA	800	ISO 3166-2:UG
Ukraine	UA	UKR	804	ISO 3166-2:UA
United Arab Emirates	AE	ARE	784	ISO 3166-2:AE
United Kingdom	GB	GBR	826	ISO 3166-2:GB
United States	US	USA	840	ISO 3166-2:US
United States Minor Outlying Islands	UM	UMI	581	ISO 3166-2:UM
Uruguay	UY	URY	858	ISO 3166-2:UY
Uzbekistan	UZ	UZB	860	ISO 3166-2:UZ
Vanuatu	VU	VUT	548	ISO 3166-2:VU
Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of	VE	VEN	862	ISO 3166-2:VE
Viet Nam	VN	VNM	704	ISO 3166-2:VN
Virgin Islands, British	VG	VGB	092	ISO 3166-2:VG
Virgin Islands, U.S.	VI	VIR	850	ISO 3166-2:VI
Wallis and Futuna	WF	WLF	876	ISO 3166-2:WF
Western Sahara	EH	ESH	732	ISO 3166-2:EH
Yemen	YE	YEM	887	ISO 3166-2:YE
Zambia	ZM	ZMB	894	ISO 3166-2:ZM
Zimbabwe	ZW	ZWE	716	ISO 3166-2:ZW

Reserved and user-assigned code elements

Besides the officially assigned codes, code elements may be expanded by using either reserved codes or user-assigned codes.¹³

Reserved code elements are codes which have become obsolete, or are required in order to enable a particular user application of the standard but do not qualify for inclusion in ISO 3166-1. To avoid transitional application problems and to aid users who require specific additional code elements for the functioning of their coding systems, the ISO 3166/MA, when justified, reserves these codes which it undertakes not to use for other than specified purposes during a limited or indeterminate period of time. Codes are usually reserved for former countries, overseas territories, international organizations, and special nationality status. The reserved alpha-2 and alpha-3 codes can be divided into the following four categories (click on the links for the reserved codes of each category):

• Alpha-2: exceptional reservations, transitional reservations, indeterminate reservations, and codes currently agreed not to use
• Alpha-3: exceptional reservations, transitional reservations, indeterminate reservations, and codes currently agreed not to use
• Numeric: no reserved codes

User-assigned code elements are codes at the disposal of users who need to add further names of countries, territories, or other geographical entities to their in-house application of ISO 3166-1, and the ISO 3166/MA will never use these codes in the updating process of the standard. The following codes can be user-assigned:

• Alpha-2: AA, QM to QZ, XA to XZ, and ZZ
• Alpha-3: AAA to AAZ, QMA to QZZ, XAA to XZZ, and ZZA to ZZZ
• Numeric: 900 to 999

Changes

The ISO 3166/MA updates ISO 3166-1 when necessary, by announcing changes in newsletters which update the currently valid standard, and releasing new editions which comprise a consolidation of newsletter changes.¹⁴ A country is usually assigned new ISO 3166-1 codes if it changes its name or its territorial boundaries. In general, new alphabetic codes are assigned if a country changes a significant part of its name, while a new numeric code is assigned if a country changes its territorial boundaries. Codes for formerly used country names that were deleted from ISO 3166-1 are published in ISO 3166-3.

See also

• ISO 639 – Codes for the representation of names of languages

References

1. ^ "ISO 3166 – FAQs – General questions". International Organization for Standardization (ISO). http://www.iso.org/iso/country_codes/iso_3166-faqs/iso_3166_faqs_general.htm. 
2. ^ "Development of ISO 3166". ISO. http://www.iso.org/iso/country_codes/background_on_iso_3166/development_of_iso_3166.htm. 
3. ^ "Implementation of ISO 3166-1". ISO. http://www.iso.org/iso/country_codes/background_on_iso_3166/implementation_of_iso_3166-1.htm. 
4. ^ "You and ISO 3166". ISO. http://www.iso.org/iso/country_codes/background_on_iso_3166/you_and_iso_3166.htm. 
5. ^ "Links". ISO. http://www.iso.org/iso/country_codes/links_iso_3166.htm. 
6. ^ "ISO 3166-1 and ccTLDs". ISO. http://www.iso.org/iso/country_codes/background_on_iso_3166/iso_3166-1_and_cctlds.htm. 
7. ^ ^{a b c} "ISO 3166 – FAQs – Specific". ISO. http://www.iso.org/iso/country_codes/iso_3166-faqs/iso_3166_faqs_specific.htm. 
8. ^ "Taiwan sues ISO over incorrect reference". Taipei Representative Office in the UK. http://www.roc-taiwan.org/UK/ct.asp?xItem=41952&ctNode=932&mp=132&nowPage=6&pagesize=15. 
9. ^ Felber, René (10 September 2010). "Umweg über Zivilrichter unzulässig: Taiwans Kampf um seinen Namen" (in German). Neue Zürcher Zeitung: p. 14. 
10. ^ "Urteil vom 9. September 2010 (5A_329/2009) [Decision of 9 September 2010 (5A_329/2009)]" (in German). Federal Supreme Court of Switzerland. http://www.bger.ch/de/mm_5a_329_2009_d.pdf. 
11. ^ "Arrêt du 9 septembre 2010 (5A_329/2009) [Decision of 9 September 2010 (5A_329/2009)]" (in French). Federal Supreme Court of Switzerland. http://www.bger.ch/fr/mm_5a_329_2009_d.pdf. 
12. ^ "Country names and code elements". ISO. http://www.iso.org/iso/country_codes/iso_3166_code_lists/country_names_and_code_elements.htm. 
13. ^ "Customizing ISO 3166-1". ISO. http://www.iso.org/iso/country_codes/background_on_iso_3166/customizing_iso_3166-1.htm. 
14. ^ "Updates on ISO 3166". ISO. http://www.iso.org/iso/country_codes/updates_on_iso_3166.htm. 

Sources and external links

• ISO 3166 Maintenance Agency, International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
  • Country names and code elements — list of alpha-2 codes
• Standard Country or Area Codes for Statistical Use, United Nations Statistics Division
  • Countries or areas, codes and abbreviations — list of alpha-3 and numeric codes (a few territories officially assigned codes in ISO 3166-1 are not included in this list)
• The World Factbook (public domain), Central Intelligence Agency
  • Appendix D – Cross-Reference List of Country Data Codes — comparison of FIPS 10, ISO 3166, and STANAG 1059 country codes
• Administrative Divisions of Countries ("Statoids"), Statoids.com
  • Country codes — comparison of ISO 3166-1 country codes with other country codes